Interaction Between Humans And The Environment - 1425 Words

Theme 1: Interaction between humans and the environment. †¢ About 10,000 BCE, the area that is now the Sahara desert was a grassy steppe land. Humans prospered by hunting wild cattle, collecting grains, or catching fish. After about 9000 BCE, people of eastern Sudan domesticated cattle and became nomadic herders. †¢ After 5000 BCE, the northern half of Africa became hot and dry, driving humans and animals to gather around bodies of water. Both Egypt and Nubia relied heavily on agriculture at least by 5000 BCE. At first, Egyptians easily cultivated, while Nubians had to create fields. Eventually, demographic pressures forced Egypt to create sophisticated methods of agriculture. Theme 2: Development and interactions of cultures. †¢ For thousands of years, when the Sudanese buried kings they also routinely executed a group of royal servants and entombed them with the king to serve him in the afterlife. Royal servants of Egyptian and Nubian kingdoms were also part of rituals similar to those from Sudan. †¢ The Sudanese developed religious beliefs that reflected their agricultural society, recognizing a single divine force as the source of good and evil, which they associated with rain. †¢ The early pharaohs claimed to be gods living on Earth in human form. Egyptians associated early pharaohs with Horus, the sky god. Later, they viewed rulers as offspring of Amon, a sun god. They considered the pharaoh a human sun overseeing affairs on the earth, and believed the pharaoh merged withShow MoreRelatedThe Evolutionary Factors That Have Shaped The Genetics That We Inherit From Our Parents1049 Words   |  5 Pagesparents. Nature determine the range of our human potential.Naturists believe that the knowledge humans have about the world is innate. Therefore human development is determined by heredity. 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Second, after comprehending Dewey’s notions of education in the areas of growth, direction, and social function, one must be able to grasp the distinction between education as a socialRead MoreThe Science Of Unitary Human Beings Theory1243 Words   |  5 PagesNursing Theorist Paper Martha Rogers is the nursing theorist who developed the Science of Unitary Human Beings theory. In her studies she proposed that humans and the environment are in constant interaction with one another as an infinite energy field. In the theoretical model there are four components, they include: dimensionality, openness, patterns and organizations, and energy fields. These components were in turn used to create three principles, which are resonancy, helicy, and integrality.Read MoreThe Science Of Unitary Human Beings Theory1243 Words   |  5 PagesNursing Theorist Paper Martha Rogers is the nursing theorist who developed the Science of Unitary Human Beings theory. 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Cancer Research Proposal

Question: Write an essay onissue of cancer research? Answer: Abstract The current report deals with the issue of cancer research. It aims to highlight the status of cancer research at present. By providing the details about cancer research and its eminent benefits the report intends to present a sound knowledge and deep insights on the issue of cancer, which is constantly gaining more and more attention due to its rising concerns. The study highlights the different drugs and treatment measures discovered by the scientists and researchers through cancer research. It also identifies the potential challenges faced by them in executing the research. The collection of exact data regarding cancer patients and such emerge as an important issue in cancer research. The study provides information about the types of cancer (as lung, pancreatic and liver cancer) evident in majorly across the world. It also provides with the details of the probable reasons for occurrence of cancer and their treatment processes relating to the tumor suppressor genes. Thus, this repo rt can be held helpful in developing a good idea about the cancer research. Introduction: Cancer is a highly concerning disease across the world. Reports depicted around 231,840 new cases of invasive breast cancer diagnosis in women in US by the year 2015. There are 60,290 cases of non-invasive breast cancer and 2350 new cases of invasive breast cancer diagnosis in men by the year 2015. 83% ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 12% lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) are evident through studies. It attracted major interest towards cancer research in US and across the world (Cancer.org, 2015). Cancer research: Janda et al. (2009) asserted the variety of risk factors for cancer occurrence with most of the factors being preventable. Tobacco, diet, UV radiation, infections and body composition are the main risk factors leading to cancer. Over 16 types of cancer is seen to be caused by smoking leading to around a 5th of all the deaths related cancer across the world. Infection contributes considerably to the risk of cancer. An unhealthy diet leading to obesity and overweight is also a big factor causing cancer. Sin melanoma is highly affected by the exposure to UV radiation. It causes skin cancers as keratinocyte, which is one of the most common types of cancer evident in human population. It is rarely fatal, yet it imposes significant burden of morbidity and economic expense (Begley Ellis, 2012). Cancer research works are seen to focus on the improvement of understanding of the development and spread of cancer. It also lays the foundation for other relevant researches. Areas of drug discovery and development, early detection and imaging, prevention, surgery and radiotherapy are eminent to draw the major attention of cancer research. The oesophageal cancers and pancreatic cancers still bear very low survival rates thus attracting considerable attention from the cancer research (van den Berg et al. 2012). The efforts applied towards cancer research in US are fragmented and uncoordinated largely. It is evident from studies that the ability of prevention, detection and treating cancer shows significant progress. Cancer research activities as efficient cancer screening, early detection methods, targeted and improved cancer therapies, interventions, and a marked decline in the use of tobacco among the American population contributes greatly to the progress (Siegel, Naishadham Jemal, 2013). This has led to a longer survival of the cancer patients in America due to early diagnosis and relevant treatment accordingly. Benefits of cancer research: Since the disease of cancer involves a group of diseases due to an abnormal cell growth, the drug for cancer needs to be specifically efficient in targeting the cells affected by cancer. Studying about the risk factors or causative reasons for cancer, it is evident that the smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity due to dietary and physical activity issues and infection are the major factors causing cancer. The genetic defects also accounts for around 5% of the cancer incidences (DeSantis, Naishadham Jemal, 2013). The medical and research communities along with the policy makers varies substantially in terms of knowledge and perceptions about the risk of cancer and benefits of the research conducted on cancer. As depicted by several studies in US currently 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women (40%) of the population of US is expected to be diagnosed with cancer. Gapstur Thun (2010) opined that assessment of cancer risk by the common people is lower than average due to the tendency of not intending to feel vulnerable. It leads to a concerning misperceiving of the risk for cancer. A variation in the risk of cancer is evident among the diverse population with a marked influence of fear and emotions of individuals along with the difficulty in understanding the numerical information. As per the survey conducted by National Science Foundation Study in 2010, the very little understanding of basic concepts of science is a major concern in respect to cancer research. The strong public support towards the improvement of cancer and biomedical research is evident in US. Janda et al. (2010) highlighted the best status of the generation, application and dissemination of the advances made by the research. The cancer research programs bring about significant advances in the understanding of cancer by the common mass. Identification of viral oncogenes (v-srcI, erbB and v-myc) causing cancer is led through cancer research (Raab-Traub, 2013). Research enabled the gene transfer mechanism between mammalian cells, which helped in confirming the presence of oncogenes in human body. The research on cancer is useful in identifying the tumor suppressor genes that participates considerably in several types of cancer. Oncogenesis process and extensive research on cellular mechanism of it is encouraged by the increase in rates of DNA mutation in the cancer cells. Lopez-Serra Esteller (2012) pinpointed the silencing of the tumor suppressor genes and DNA maintenance genes by modifying the DNA regions controlling cellular expression with addition of a methyl group, the process being called promoter methylation. This is an active topic of the cancer research till date. It depicts the targeting for pot ential agents that acts therapeutically to treat cancer. With the advanced and high throughput technologies available in the field of medical research these days, the cancer research is able to find out the molecular basics of normal and cancer cells through sequencing a human genome (Mali et al. 2013). It enabled the identification of the path through which the cancer cells deregulate the normal cell processes. The contribution of the surrounding tissues and cells to development of cancer is brought to the forefront through cancer research. Mechanisms used by cancer cells to evade the immune systems detection and destruction process are revealed by the cancer research. It identified the significant information that specific interactions between host tissues and tumor cells determine the sites of metastasis (Baccelli et al. 2013). It helped largely in the bringing up of several clinical interventions. The advanced technologies enable the development of 3D cultures and facilitate its refinement. It helps in the identification and understanding of the tumor cell architectures, which assist in investigating the interactions between cancer cells and extracellular matrix along with other cells. Begley Ellis (2012) highlighted the potential of these systems to aid in the oncology drug-development process for treating cancer. Challenges faced in cancer research: Cancer is expected to become the leading cause of death crossing the heart diseases. Demographic shifts in US poses strong challenge to the progress of the cancer research activities. The enormous scale of cancer disease, high complexity associated with it and its highly adaptable nature pose eminent challenge to the cancer research (Kipps, Tan Kaye, 2013). The different subtypes of cancer with distinct clinical features and susceptibilities to therapy also act as challenges to its research. There are several types of cancers, which remain undiagnosed til they reach the advanced stage. A high resistance to the treatment attempts is also visible in many cancers. These factors act eminently in obstructing and slow down of the progress to cancer research work. Another important challenge faced in the course of cancer research is the problems of data collection. Gapstur Thun (2013) criticized the lack of records of the number of cancer cases that are diagnosed in US per year. Some of the US states depicts incompleteness in the cancer registry data. In order to collect, compile and disseminate relevant and necessary cancer data, about national incidence of the disease and mortality data for the year. The increasing population diversity of US is another major challenge in this respect. The national effects face the challenge of identifying the population groups by culture, race or ethnicity for the research and other associated purpose (Siegel et al. 2011). With the increasing aging population of US, the country faces higher risk of cancer incidence. It is because the cancer disease is revealed in the malignant stage in mostly the older age of humans. The projected doubling of the cancer incidence among the minorities is a strong restriction to cancer research. The adversity of screening methods for detecting most of the cancer types leads to the slowdown of cancer research. Massad et al. (2013) identified the lung, brain, pancreatic and liver cancers as the eminent types of cancers that lack adequate detection and treatment methods. The slow pace of the cancer research is able to grab attention of the speed up the cancer research, which is essential to move the relevant data regarding the cancer studies from laboratory to clinical application. Although the cancer research is efficient to culture cells especially the cancerous ones yet it poses the issue of variation in the cancer cells grown in a single layer from the cells in tumors ( Gapstur and Thun, 2011). Conclusion: The current assignment thus provides a detail insight about the various aspects and status of cancer. By highlighting the advantages of cancer research, and delivering the information to the mass on a public and large scale can prove highly beneficial for the cancer researchers. It help greatly in understanding of cancer details and based on it producing new drugs to treat cancer and its associated health issues. However, serious challenges are also identified. Thus, it can be concluded that the study produces a good insight on cancer research. References Baccelli, I., Schneeweiss, A., Riethdorf, S., Stenzinger, A., Schillert, A., Vogel, V. Trumpp, A. (2013). Identification of a population of blood circulating tumor cells from breast cancer patients that initiates metastasis in a xenograft assay. Nature biotechnology, 31(6), 539-544 Begley, C. G., Ellis, L. M. (2012). Drug development: Raise standards for preclinical cancer research. Nature, 483(7391), 531-533 Cancer.org,. (2015). Cancer Facts and Statistics 2015 | Research | American Cancer Society. Retrieved 5 June 2015, fromhttps://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2015/ DeSantis, C., Naishadham, D., Jemal, A. (2013). Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2013. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 63(3), 151-166 Gapstur SM, Thun MJ. (2010) Progress in the war on cancer. JAMA, 303(11):1084-5 Janda, M., DiSipio, T., Hurst, C., Cella, D., Newman, B. (2009). The Queensland cancer risk study: general population norms for the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G).Psycho-Oncology, 18(6), 606-614. doi:10.1002/pon.1428 Kipps, E., Tan, D. S., Kaye, S. B. (2013). Meeting the challenge of ascites in ovarian cancer: new avenues for therapy and research. Nature Reviews Cancer, 13(4), 273-282 Lopez-Serra, P., Esteller, M. (2012). DNA methylation-associated silencing of tumor-suppressor microRNAs in cancer. Oncogene, 31(13), 1609-1622 Mali, P., Yang, L., Esvelt, K. M., Aach, J., Guell, M., DiCarlo, J. E. Church, G. M. (2013). RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9.Science, 339(6121), 823-826 Massad, L. S., Einstein, M. H., Huh, W. K., Katki, H. A., Kinney, W. K., Schiffman, M. Lawson, H. W. (2013). 2012 updated consensus guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. Obstetrics Gynecology, 121(4), 829-846 Raab-Traub, N. (2012). Novel mechanisms of EBV-induced oncogenesis.Current opinion in virology, 2(4), 453-458 Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, Jemal A. (2011) Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin, 61(4):212-36 Siegel, R., Naishadham, D., Jemal, A. (2013). Cancer statistics, 2013. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 63(1), 11-30 van den Berg, Y. W., Osanto, S., Reitsma, P. H., Versteeg, H. H. (2012). The relationship between tissue factor and cancer progression: insights from bench and bedside. Blood, 119(4), 924-932

Pythogerm Triples free essay sample

The odd leg is plotted on the horizontal axis, the even leg on the vertical. The curvilinear grid is composed of curves of constant and of constant in Culicids formula. A plot of triples generated by Culicids formula map out part of the z xx cone. A constant traces out part of a parabola on the cone. Culicids formula is a fundamental formula for generating Pythagorean triples given an arbitrary pair of positive integers m with . The formula states that the integers form a Pythagorean triple.The triple generated by Euclid s formula is primitive if and only if caprice is odd. If both are odd, then will be even, and so the triple will not be primitive; however, dividing by 2 will yield a primitive triple if are caprice. Every primitive triple arises from a unique pair Of caprice numbers one of which is even. It follows that there are infinitely many primitive Pythagorean triples. We will write a custom essay sample on Pythogerm Triples or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This relationship of to from Culicids formula is referenced throughout the rest of this article.Despite generating all primitive triples, Culicids formula does not produce all triples. This can be remedied by inserting an additional parameter k the formula. The following will generate all Pythagorean triples uniquely: where are positive integers with odd, and with caprice. That these formulas generate Pythagorean triples can be verified by expanding sing elementary algebra and verifying that the result coincides with .Since every Pythagorean triple can be divided through by some integer to obtain a primitive triple, every triple can be generated uniquely by using the formula with to generate its primitive counterpart and then multiplying through by as in the last equation. Many formulas for generating triples have been developed since the time of Euclid.

How far does your reading of The Merchants Prologue and Tale lead you to agree Essay Example

How far does your reading of The Merchants Prologue and Tale lead you to agree Essay Example How far does your reading of The Merchants Prologue and Tale lead you to agree Paper How far does your reading of The Merchants Prologue and Tale lead you to agree Paper Essay Topic: Literature Song of Solomon The Tale is essentially farcical, enriched by a satirical character study of Januarie, with miniatures of May and Damyan, (T. W. Craik) this is the stance of some critics regarding Chaucers presentation of Januarie. They argue that Chaucer dwells on him and therefore exhibits his character by dramatic means as oppose to a brief summary, this constant attention towards Januarie develops the character in full satirical detail, so that his downfall is morally satisfying and at the same time richly comic. Chaucer articulately integrates the coarse satire of the fabliaux, much enjoyed by Chaucers gentil audience, which was often crammed with extended jokes or tricks, often bawdy and full of sexual connotations, but it also employs a remarkable range of narrative methods. The effect of this is to widen its satirical attack and give a serious resonance to the entertainment. The building up of Januaires character as a worthy knight who lived in greet prosperitee and his profligate history, hints at the fact that the noble, rich knight will suffer a fall thus becoming a tragic figure, as was standard in the fabliaux. From the opening of the tale; Chaucer subtly blends the numerous ironies, disparities and unrealistic reasoning to depict Januaries sense of self-delusion but the greater amusement lies in the fact that he remains oblivious to the numerous hints, suggesting that he is blind even before he looses his sight. By allowing Januaire to speak for himself, Chaucer is almost allowing him to ridicule himself, through his we are lead to believe that he is in fact a figure of fun. Januarie puts forth numerous arguments, to justify his motives of marriage, which equate to that in this world no oother lyf is worth a bene; for wedlock is so esy and so clene, that in this world it is a paradis, here we see he is deluding himself in order to gain the pleasures, his inconsistent justification of marriage amuse the audience. The old mans illusions, however are not his alone. The praise of marriage in the first part of the tale represents what is commonly said in its favour, the generalisation is obtained by putting this speech in the mouth of the narrator and not Januarie. The mockery, though clearly present, is still subdued. As we dwell deeper into Januaries thoughts the comic elements exceed the audiences expectations. The most cutting satire of the Merchants Tale is reserved for the notion that in wedlock a man may do no sinne with his wyf ne hurte himsleven with his owene knyf, the double-edged irony of this line looks forth to him being cuckolded. There is humour in the account of the nuptial chamber, having seen the Januaries desires grow throughout he wedding feast as he anticipates his impotent lust in action, is both repulsive and amusing, especially since he sees himself as the great lover and compares himself to Paris yet ironically he requires aphrodisiacs to laboureth till dawn. The happiness of Januarie at this point prepares us for his misfortunes later. The introduction of the garden as his special preserve for love, used in the summer for his sexual activity. Irony returns when Januarie seems to express genuine love for his wife, the passage is a parody of the Song of Solomon, and is the most beautiful and poetic lines within the tale, with references being made to the voice of a turtledove and columbine. Interestingly Chaucer increases the readers sympathy for January by allowing him to express his love for her during the moment that she is most ruthless. The irony is enriched by his reference to her as trewe deere wyf. When in actual fact she is inviting Damyan into the garden with somewhat equally eloquent gestures. Januaries strict precautions to ensure that his is the only key to the garden and his confidence that they are alone within the walled garden create a farcical atmosphere of what is to come. The ultimate farcical irony is when May leads Januarie to believe that she carves he pears and she must have them as a woman in her plit implying pregnancy. January is of course enraptured that an heir may be in the offing and laments the absence of a servant who could climb the tree for May, and ironically is happy to assist her into her lovers arms. He is to embrace the tree, whilst she climbs on his back. She is treading on him physically and metaphorically into Damyans arms, this is visually very strong as it is a sign of dominance or even victory. No matter how coarse and perverted Januaries character has seemed, at this point inevitably, the audience are sympathetic towards the cuckolded husband. As a farce this is perfect, but once Januaires sight has been restored May once again confidently answers him, which seems to satisfy Januarie. the credulous Januarie is left, full of the joys of prospective fatherhood, now a distinct possibility thanks to Damyan, and he is now as much the victim of his illusions as he was at the beginning. Januaries character is amusing in itself and offers Chaucer opportunities of showing it off, putting the reader in good humour as well as giving the necessary facts. The Merchants tale picks up strands from the previous tales. It continues the theme of war between the sexes but the merchants stance sides with neither, his tale backs neither the husband nor the wife but shows each abusing the other for his or her pleasure rejecting the idealistic concept of love in marriage.

What was the most important invention of the 19th Century Essay

What was the most important invention of the 19th Century - Essay Example It then follows that the invention of electricity actually came into being the day the bulb was lit, or in other words the day mainstream use of electricity took effect .For this reason, invention of electricity can be argued to have been in the 19th century. This argument can be squarely credited to Nikola Telsa, a mechanical and electrical engineer and inventor. His works led to the development of modern day electrical systems that use alternating current1. Basically the reason why electricity invention becomes the greatest in the 19th century is because of the rapid activities that came into light during this era. Such activities include the agrarian revolution that saw people go to great lengths in such of better welfare and improved transport system. It is almost impossible to imagine this era without electricity, to imagine people trying to run engines in the industry without electricity, or it can be impossible to imagine how we could be staying at our homes using our kerosene lanterns and may be candles and that is very hard very hard to imagine2. During industrial revolution when people across Europe were trying to get industries going, electricity was the all the more important. Heavy machines meant electricity was in place and for this reason industrial revolution was a success. Since then, the world has never looked back and electrically supported gadgets have been invented. In essence, almost in everything we do, electricity is part of us. Even small gadgets we use today like phones use electricity and that explain the impact electricity has had all over the world. It also explains why it is the greatest invention of all time if not the greatest invention of the 19th century3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is very important to note that the transport industry has been revolutionized by electricity. Electric trains have been introduced courtesy of electricity. This milestone has been achieved in many developed count ries and general infrastructure improved. Communication can be described as the backbone of development and without electricity, breakdown in communication could be evident. Industrial revolution is still evident, sophisticated equipment is being used vastly there and electricity is the source of power. It is therefore safe to say electricity is pivotal in almost every aspect of life without which almost nothing is going to happen. Both communication and transport have been improved and in the process making the world â€Å"smaller†. One could say life could have been a bit4. Agriculture and animal husbandry can also be argued to have been improved by electricity. For one, mechanization meant invention of such electric tools as grinders and reapers. Other machines in the field of agriculture were invented and definitely ones which used electricity. On the other hand, animal husbandry was also improved. For example, milking machines were introduced in ranches where large scale production of milk was the main economic activity. Building technology has also been revolutionized by electricity to a larger extend. This is evident in urban facilities like elevators that have shaped the existence of skyscrapers and other monumental structures in the urban areas. Just like during the industrial revolution, steel industry continues to be a major consumer of electricity in the sense that, during assembling of automobiles high voltage current is required to melt and twist the metals. In that connection, electricity seems to be the only

Your Death Would Be Mine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Your Death Would Be Mine - Essay Example The book offers a glimpse into French life and times, and also reveals how the character of rural France was changed forever. One of the most important details the book looks at is the, altering of the bucolic rural lifestyle. The war claimed the lives of the men who tilled the land, and the women were alone to manage the family farm, and look after the children, as in the case of Marie, a sick infant. In France, the military is seen more as a â€Å"social and political institution† (Bell & Marta) and stories dealing with time of war, concern themselves more with the changes wrought by war in the social sphere, than its military operations. The Great War as WWI is at times known, as a catastrophe of unimaginable proportion, leaving behind in its wake a decimated population, an economy in shambles and all around misery for the general populace. Yet, the French soldiered on towards victory, which research has proved, was not so much the result of military accomplishments, but the tenacity and stoicism of the ordinary French civilians (Marta & Bell). Paul and Marie, were a young newlywed, peasant couple who lived in the southwest of France during World War I. Ever sincethen, Paul had to stay away from home since he had to serve in the army from 1914 to 1919. Martha Hanna paints a vivid picture revealing a very powerful and personal perspective of the devastating war. Hundreds of letters exchanged between the couple, helped both the combatants and civilians experience a sort of emotional commitment, which brought untold misery and pain suffered due to the absence of their loved ones. While Paul vividly narrated with great intensity and poetic clarity, about the atrocities and brutality of war and its impact on them by way of fatigue and their dietary needs, Marie enumerated about the difficulty of working on the family farm why looking after the sick infant at home. She

Synthesis Method of Napthoyl-thiourea Derivatives

Synthesis Method of Napthoyl-thiourea Derivatives CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter explains briefly on the synthesis method of napthoyl-thiourea derivatives, experimental characterization techniques (CHNS, FTIR, UV-Vis, UV-F, 1H and 13C NMR, Single Crystal X-Ray Crystallography Analysis, XRD, TGA, SEM, CV), electrodeposition of napthoyl-thiourea derivatives on ITO substrate, electrical conductivity measurement, IV curve characteristic, performance of organic diode and theoretical calculation via Gaussion 09 software package functions. 3.1  Reagents, Chemicals and Solvent All chemicals used in this study were commercially available and used as received without any purification step taken. Chemicals namely 1-napthanoyl chloride (C10H7COCl), ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN), 2-aminopyridine (C5H6N2), 2-amino-5-chloro-pyridine (C5H5N2Cl) and 3-amino-4-methylpyridine (C6H8N2) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. In addition, 2-amino-5-picoline (C6H8N2) and 2-amino-3-picoline (C6H8N2) were supplied from Merck. Solvents such as methanol (CH3OH), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and dimethylsulphoxide were supplied by Merck. Other solvents used in this study namely chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3) and hexane (C6H14) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Acetonitrile (C2H3N) and diethyl ether (C4H10O) were supplied by R M chemicals. Whilst, acetone (CH3COCH3) was obtained from Fisher scientific. 3.2  Instrumentation and Characterization Techniques The infrared (IR) spectra of the synthesized compounds were recorded on a Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectrophotometer, Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 in the range of 4000-400 cm-1 using potassium bromide (KBr) pellets. Electronic absorption spectra of the samples were recorded in the range of 200-400 nm using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer 1601 series in 1cm3 cuvette while the electronic emission spectra were recorded in the same range by using Shimadzu UV-Fluorescence Spectrophotometer. For Single X-Ray Crystallography, the diffraction data were collected at 296.15K. The structure was solved and refined by using Olex2 solution program and refinement package using Gauss-Newton Minimization. The 1H (400.11 MHz) and 13C (100.61 MHz) NMR spectra were recorded using Bruker Avance III 400 Spectrometer in CDCl3 as solvent and internal standard at room temperature in the range between ÃŽ ´H 0–15ppm and ÃŽ ´C 0–200ppm, respectively. Besides, CHNS-O Analyzer Flashea 1112 series was used to determine the experimental percentage of C, H, N and S elements of the synthesized compounds. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed using Perkin–Elmer TGA Analyzer from 0oC to 700oC at a heating rate of 10oC/min under nitrogen atmosphere. Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on precoated plate of TLC Silica Gel 60 F254 (Merck) and spots were visualized with ultraviolet light. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed using Rigaku MiniFlexll from 3à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±-80à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±. The technique cyclic voltammetry was performed using Electrochemical Impedence Spectroscopy (EIS) PGSTAT302 with three-electrode cell consisting of a polished Pt rod working electrode, Pt disc counter electrode and AgCl reference electrode. The solutions were ~10-3 M in electroactive material and 0.1 M supporting electrolyte, sulphuric acid. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) PGSTAT302 was used to coat the synthesized compounds on the ITO thin film by using electrochemistry method. EIS was used to study the oxidation and reduction state of the element of the synthesized compounds. The surface morphology of the final synthesised compounds in the form of powder and thin films were scanned by JSM 6360 Joel Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with accelerated voltage 20 kV and magnification from 2000Ãâ€" until 10000Ãâ€" The electrical conductivity of the thin film was measured in the dark conditions by using Four-Point Probe and LI-200 Pyranometer Sensor with LI-1400 Data Logg er while Keithley 4200 SCS Semiconductor Characterization System and Probe Station were used for efficiency determination and OLED parameters were evaluated from IV curve. The performance as Diode was performed by using D2 Power Supply GP-430D. Last but not least, the experimental result were proven by using ab initio quantum mechanical evaluation at the theoretical level of DFT B3LYP/6-31G (d,p). The physical parameters such as dipole moment, energy band gap (HOMO and LUMO) and Mulliken Charges Bond length were calculated using Natural Bond Orbital Theory at the same theoretical level. 3.3  General Research Design In this study, the methodology is divided into four parts. Firstly, this research started with the synthesis napthoyl substructure of thiourea derivative. Secondly, all the synthesized compounds were characterized by using elemental analysis, typical spectroscopic and analytical techniques and electrochemical analysis. Next, the synthesized compounds were deposited on the ITO substrate as a thin film by using electrochemical deposition method. The conductivity and performance of the synthesized compounds as OLED were evaluated. Lastly, the experimental data were compared with the theoretical calculation by using Gaussion 09 software package. Figure 3.1 shows the schematic diagram of the experimental flow chart. 3.4  Synthetic Approach The synthetic approach to obtain the compounds of interest is shown in Scheme 3.2. Thiourea derivatives (15) were prepared by using 1-naphthoyl chloride as starting material. The mixture of 1-napthhoyl chloride, an equimolar amount of ammonium thiocyanate and designated amines (3-methylpyridin-2-amine, 6-methylpyridin-3-amine, 5-methylpyridin-2-amine, pyridine-2-amine and 5-chloropyridin-2-amine) in acetone was put at reflux with constant stirring for around ca. 10 hours. After completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature before it was then filtered. The off-white precipitate was removed and the filtrate was added to some ice blocks. The precipitate was crystallised from hot acetone to afford crystals of the title compounds (15). Scheme 3.2The general overview of the synthetic pathway applied in this study 3.5  Experimental Section 3.5.1  Synthesis of N-((3-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbamothioyl)-1-naphthamide (1) A solution of 1-napthanoyl chloride (1.5ml, 1mol) with the equimolar amount of ammonium thiocyanate (0.76g, 1mol) in ca. 50ml acetone in 100ml two-necked round-bottom flask. The reaction mixture was put at reflux with continuous stirring for ca. 5 hours. Then, a solution of 6-methylpyridin-3-amine (1.07g, 1mol) in ca. 50ml acetone was added to the reaction mixture and was put at reflux with continuous stirring for ca. 7 hours. The progress of the reaction was monitored with TLC (Hexane: DCM; 3:2). Once the reaction completed the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered into a beaker containing some ice cubes. The resulting light brown precipitate obtained, recrystallized from hot acetone to afford the title compound (1). 3.5.2  Synthesis of N-((5-metylpyridin-2-yl)carbamothioyl)-1-naphtamide (2) The title compound 2, (2.33g, 96%) obtained as light yellow crystalline solid was prepared from 1-napthanoyl chloride (1.5ml, 1mol), ammonium thiocyanate (0.76g, 1mol) and 3-methylpyridin-2-amine (1.07g, 1mol) in the manner as describe above. 3.5.3  Synthesis of N-((3-metylpyridin-2-yl)carbamothioyl)-1-naphtamide (3) The title compound 3, (2.66g, 98%) obtained as light yellow crystalline solid was prepared from 1-napthanoyl chloride (1.5ml, 1mol), ammonium thiocyanate (0.76g, 1mol) and 5-methylpyridin-2-amine (1.07, 1mol) in the manner as describe above. 3.5.4  Synthesis of N-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamothioyl)-1-naphthamide(4) In a manner similar to that described above 3, the title compound 4, (0.88g, 45%) obtained as light yellow crystalline solid was prepared from 1-napthanoyl chloride (1.5ml, 1mol), ammonium thiocyanate (0.76g, 1mol) and pyridin-2-amine (0.94g, 1mol). 3.5.5  Synthesis of N-((5-chloropyridin-2-yl)carbamothioyl)-1-naphthamide(5) The title compound 5, (1.97g, 87%) obtained as light yellow crystalline solid was prepared from 1-napthanoyl chloride (3ml, 1mol), ammonium thiocyanate (0.76g, 9.95mmol) and 5-chloropyridin-2-amine (1.28, 1mol) in the manner as describe above. 3.6Electrodeposition of Naptoyl-Thiourea Derivatives on ITO substrate The ITO substrates were used as working electrode was firstly cleaned with distilled water, detergent and acetone by using ultrasonic cleaner. All the synthesized compounds (15) were deposited on the ITO substrates by electrochemistry method by using Electrochemical Impendance Spectroscopy (EIS) PGSTAT302. By using the GPES method software, cyclic voltammetry (staircase) method was set to be in normal procedure. The depositions of the compounds were done in a mixture of compound dissolved in 45ml acetonitrile (10-3 M) and 5ml sulphuric acid (10-3 M) which act as supporting electrolyte .The cyclic of the process were set in Table 3.1 below. Figure 3.1 represent the arrangement layers of ITO/napthoyl-thiourea thin film. While, scheme 3.3 shows the overall methodology for organic light emitting diode (OLED) formation and characterization. Table 3.1 Procedure set for electrodeposition process No of scan 5 Start potential (V) 0 First Vertex Potential (V) 0 Second Vertex Potential (V) 3 Step Potential (V) 0.01 Scan Rate (Vs-1) 0.05 Figure 3.1The arrangement layers of ITO/napthoyl-thiourea thin film (1a5a) 3.7  Electrical Conductivity Measurement Four point probe was used to determine the conductivity of the thin film. The sheet resistivity of the films was measured with complete four probing system that consists of the Jandel Universal Probe combined with a Jandel RM3 Test Unit (Figure 3.2). In this study, the electrical conductivity of thin film was measured in dark condition to see its tendency to be applied as organic diode. Four probes were aligned and lowered onto the sample. The two outer probes supplied a voltage difference that drives a current through the film while the two inner probes pick up a voltage difference. Figure 3.2Jandel Universal Probe and RM3 Test Unit The sheet resistances (resistivity) for the thin films are shown in Equation 3.1 below. The unit of sheet resistance is ohms per square (à ¯Ã‚ -/sq): Rs = 4.532 x V / I (Equation3.1) Where: Rs = sheet resistance 4.532 = correction factor V = voltage measured I = current applied The electrical conductivity can be determined which it is the reciprocal (inverse) of the electrical resistivity, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³ as shown in Equation 3.2. The unit of electrical conductivity is ohm-1 m-1 (à ¯Ã‚ --1 m-1) = Siemens m-1 (Sm-1). à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³ = 1 / Rs(Equation 3.2) Where, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³ = electrical conductivity Rs = sheet resistivity 3.8  IV Curve Characteristic The IV curves of the 1a5a were measured by using Keithley 4200 SCS Semiconductor Characterization System and Probe Station (Figure 3.3). In this study, ITO substrate act as hole collecting layer (anode) while napthoyl-thiourea derivatives act as hole and electron carriers. The coated ITO substrates were mask with low work function metal which is aluminuim which act as cathode. Figure 3.3Semiconductor Characterization System and Probe Station The I-V curve shows the relationship between the currents and voltages gradient associated with the different current terminal (anode and cathode) of the diode. The obtained curve displays the forward current, reverse current, knee voltage and breakdown voltage of the diode. 3.9  Performance as Diode The performances of 1a5a as organic diode were tested by using D2 Power Supply GP-430D (Figure 3.4) under dark condition with difference voltagesin the range 15V to 30V. Figure 3.4D2 Power Supply GP-430D